Regional and temporal differentiation of virulence phenotypes of Puccinia triticina from common wheat in Russia during the period 2001–2018

Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, is one of the most damaging rust diseases of wheat in Russia. Populations of P. triticina were monitored in seven regions of Russia from 2001 to 2018, with a total of 5,191 single urediniospore isolates from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) being analysed. Populations have changed significantly in all regions since 2012, after 2 years of drought (2010–2011). Regional collections of P. triticina were also significantly different between the two periods 2001–2009 and 2012–2018, with changes along two geographic gradients from West Siberia to the north-west and south-west (North Caucasia) of the European part of Russia. All tested isolates were avirulent to resistance gene Lr9 in 2001–2009 but, since 2010, virulence to Lr9 has occurred and annually increased in the Asian part of Russia (Ural and West Siberia) due to deployment of cultivars with the Lr9 gene. Virulence to Lr2a and Lr15 was considerably lower in Dagestan (6%–33%) and all European regions (35%–67%) than in Asian regions (84%–96%). During 2001–2009, virulence on Lr1 was also lower in Dagestan (33%) and the European regions (50%–77%) than in Asia (91%–96%); however, by 2012–2018, nearly all isolates were virulent on Lr1. Remarkable changes were observed in frequencies of P. triticina races defined by their virulence/avirulence to Lr1 and Lr2a genes. We postulate the P. triticina population in Dagestan is specific to that area and pathogen populations in European and Asian parts of Russia are distinct.     

利用盘式吸渗仪确定土壤水力学参数研究进展

各种农业措施显著影响土壤的物理性质,特别是土壤水力学参数。随着计算机模型广泛用于土壤物质迁移的预测预报,准确确定土壤水力学参数成为一项重要的研究任务。盘式吸渗仪作为一种简便实用的仪器正被广泛用于田间土壤水力学参数的测定。国内外学者研究了稳态、瞬态和反推等方法,利用盘式吸渗仪来确定土壤近饱和导水率、吸渗率和水分特征曲线。同时该仪器可以用于田间测定土壤孔隙分布状况,以及两区模型中的参数。笔者对国内外有关盘式吸渗仪研究从相关理论和应用方面进展进行了综述,并对田间测定操作中注意的问题进行评述,指导田间试验以获得准确的测定数据。盘式吸渗仪在田间测定土壤孔隙,特别是大孔隙流方面有独特的优点,但是其并未在中国不同质地土壤上得以广泛应用。     

裂褶菌多糖的研究进展

裂褶菌多糖(Schizophyllan)是裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)的主要活性成分之一.综述了裂褶菌多糖结构、提取纯化工艺和生理活性功能等方面的研究进展.     

某厂区办公楼的结构设计

笔者结合工程实例,采用SATWE软件对单跨框架结构进行计算分析,并浅析了设计中应重点注意的问题。     

大学图书馆组织结构设计探讨

运用现代组织设计的相关理论,对传统大学图书馆的组织结构进行深入剖析,分析了制约大学图书馆功能发挥的各种因素,提出了现代大学图书馆的组织结构设计方案。该方案能够兼顾图书馆教学、学科建设与科研以及图书馆的基本服务功能。     

河北省农业结构调整中的气象保障服务

发展循环农业,进行农业结构调整,必须考虑本地的气候资源条件,通过各种措施做好气象保障服务。     

上海水务标准体系框架解析

为解决行业标准分散和不成体系等问题,提高行业标准化管理水平,通过对现有水务及相关行业技术标准体系的调研分析,结合上海水务专业特色,编制了《上海市水务标准体系表》.本文详述了该体系框架的编制原则、特色、组成单元、框架结构等,并详细说明了该体系表的专业门类和功能序列.     

黑龙江省农村居民消费水平与消费结构分析

为深入了解黑龙江农村居民消费率持续走低的原因,挖掘农村居民消费潜力,基于黑龙江2000—2012年时间序列数据,运用统计分析方法,对黑龙江农村居民的消费水平、消费结构及其变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:城乡居民收入和消费差距均很大,农村居民内部收入差距较大,但消费差距不大,虽然消费倾向高,但购买力较弱,仍以生存型消费为主,消费受政策影响明显。最后结合黑龙江的实际情况提出了积极深化和扩展各种惠农、利农政策和拓宽农村居民的收入渠道等建议。     

Vineyard soil bacterial diversity and composition revealed by 16S rRNA genes: Differentiation by geographic features

Here, we examine soil-borne microbial biogeography as a function of the features that define an American Viticultural Area (AVA), a geographically delimited American wine grape-growing region, defined for its distinguishing features of climate, geology, soils, physical features (topography and water), and elevation. In doing so, we lay a foundation upon which to link the terroir of wine back to the soil-borne microbial communities. The objective of this study is to elucidate the hierarchy of drivers of soil bacterial community structure in wine grape vineyards in Napa Valley, California. We measured differences in the soil bacterial and archaeal community composition and diversity by sequencing the fourth variable region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S V4 rDNA). Soil bacterial communities were structured with respect to soil properties and AVA, demonstrating the complexity of soil microbial biogeography at the landscape scale and within the single land-use type. Location and edaphic variables that distinguish AVAs were the strongest explanatory factors for soil microbial community structure. Notably, the relationship with TC and TN of the <53 μm and 53–250 μm soil fractions offers support for the role of bacterial community structure rather than individual taxa on fine soil organic matter content. We reason that AVA, climate, and topography each affect soil microbial communities through their suite of impacts on soil properties. The identification of distinctive soil microbial communities associated with a given AVA lends support to the idea that soil microbial communities form a key in linking wine terroir back to the biotic components of the soil environment, suggesting that the relationship between soil microbial communities and wine terroir should be examined further.     

白菜型冬油菜叶片结构和光合特性对冬前低温的响应

为明确白菜型冬油菜在冬前低温下叶片结构特征、光合作用特性及其抗寒性,本研究在0℃和–7.6℃自然低温条件下,选用白菜型冬油菜品种陇油7号(超强抗寒)和天油4号(弱抗寒),测定并比较其叶片气孔性状、解剖结构和光合、荧光参数的日变化等指标。结果表明,随着冬前温度下降,2个白菜型冬油菜叶片气孔密度、气孔面积、气孔周长、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度均变小,细胞间隙变大,叶片变薄;P_n日变化呈"单峰"型曲线,无光合"午休"现象;叶片的P_n、G_s、T_r和CE均降低,而C_i均升高,说明是非气孔限制引起P_n降低。白菜型冬油菜在冬前低温条件下发生了光抑制现象,表现为F_m和F_v/F_m下降,F_o上升。与超强抗寒品种陇油7号相比,弱抗寒品种天油4号叶片气孔密度和气孔面积均较大,气孔总周长较长,叶片较厚,P_n、F_m和F_v/F_m均较高,说明冬前低温条件下,天油4号光合能力较强,光抑制程度较弱。白菜型冬油菜在冬前低温条件下的叶片气孔密度越大、气孔面积越大、气孔周长越长、叶片及栅栏组织和海绵组织越厚,光合能力越强,地上部生长越旺盛,品种抗寒性越差。本研究为冬油菜抗寒种质创新和育种提供了部分理论支撑。